TO EVALUATE THE LEVEL OF KNOWLEDGE REGARDING BREAST CANCER AMONG WOMEN AT A RURAL TERTIARY HEALTHCARE CENTER

1Kallal Das*, 1Prashant Jha, 1Subhamoy Satpathy, 1Babina Aryal, 2Amit Rwat

 1Brainware University, India.

2Radiographer, S P Hospital India.

Corresponding Author: Kallal Das

                                            

DOI: https://doi.org/10.62502/ijmi/qkph0m14

ABSTRACT

Background: Breast cancer ranks as the primary cause of mortality among women globally. Roughly 1 in 8 women experiences breast cancer at some point in their lives in the United States. American women tend to be more health-conscious and informed, often opting for screening investigations as part of routine health checks to monitor their well-being. Aim & Objective: The goal of this study is to assess women's awareness and knowledge regarding breast cancer, including common misconceptions about this examination. Methods & Methodology: The methodology involves a retrospective approach using a descriptive questionnaire-based data collection method. Over a six-month period, data from 500 patients were gathered through a basic informative questionnaire. Result: The findings revealed a concerning lack of awareness about mammography, with only 30% of women recognizing its significance, while the majority remained unaware of mammography or proper breast examination techniques.

Keyword: Awareness, Diagnostic, Mammography, Screening

 

Received: Feb-17, 2024

Accepted: Feb 29, 2024

Published: March 20, 2024

 

BACKGROUND

Breast cancer stands as the leading cause of mortality among women globally, affecting roughly 1 in 8 women over their lifetime [1] [2]. In the United States, women are notably proactive about their health, regularly opting for screening investigations to monitor their well-being. This proactive approach, coupled with self-awareness and confidence, plays a crucial role in identifying breast abnormalities at an early stage [3]. Elderly women often exhibit a lower understanding of breast imaging and its benefits and drawbacks. Factors influencing the early detection of breast cancer, such as women's attitudes and their accessibility to diagnostic facilities, play a significant role. However, many women, particularly older ones, may resist undergoing breast scans, often citing discomfort or pain.

Research indicates that Christian women are more likely to undergo breast imaging for screening and clinical breast exams (CBE) compared to Druze and Muslim women [4] [5]. Barriers like discomfort, embarrassment, and fear of pain during examinations or scans significantly impact women's willingness to undergo these procedures [6]. The incidence of breast abnormalities rises with age, particularly in women, compared to men. Despite this, women tend to focus more on the positive aspects of breast screening rather than its potential drawbacks. Recent experiences with breast scanning, whether for screening or diagnostic purposes, often shape women's perceptions of its benefits [7].

Self-examination is emphasized as a crucial method for detecting lumps or lesions early in breast abnormalities. Awareness about breast cancer and the importance of regular breast examinations is relatively high among women in the United States, with many recognizing its potential to save lives. However, it's noted that women may sometimes overestimate the benefits of screening without fully considering potential harms or negative outcomes [8]. Over- diagnosis and under-diagnosis can lead to unnecessary treatments or overlooked conditions, underscoring the need for a balanced understanding of the benefits and risks associated with breast screening. Approximately 10 out of every 2000 women may receive unnecessary treatment for pseudo-disease due to over-diagnosis. These findings underscore the importance of informed decision-making and a comprehensive understanding of breast screening's impact on treatment outcomes [9] [10].

Aim & Objective: The primary goal of this study is to assess women's level of awareness and consciousness regarding breast cancer, including common errors made during breast examinations.

METHODS & METHODOLOGY

This study utilized a cross-sectional, descriptive approach, employing questionnaires, from August 01, 2023 to January 30, 2023. The data were collected at S P Hospital in India, specifically from female patients undergoing breast scans to investigate potential abnormalities. The descriptive method allowed for a comprehensive analysis of various factors relevant to the questionnaire's accuracy and validation.

A total of 500 participants were involved in the study, selected through a basic informational questionnaire spanning six months. Data collection methods included direct solicitation through face-to-face interactions, telephone calls, or emails with the patients. The questionnaire primarily featured yes/no response options and covered 15 questions related to basic demographic information (such as age, gender), previous breast imaging history, current complaints or symptoms, family medical history, menopausal status, and other pertinent factors. Participants ranged from 30 to 80 years old and were exclusively women.

RESULTS

These findings are derived from a sample of 500 actively engaged participants representing various geographical regions across India. This research has the potential to enhance awareness and refine techniques related to breast imaging within the hospital, thereby improving diagnostic tools for patients as well. Table-1. Showing some key questions and its responses from the participants.

Table-1

 

Questionnaire

Yes

No

Previous mammography done

150

350

Family history of cancer

100

400

Do you think mammography is harmful?

150

350

Radiographer help to maintain privacy

490

10

Radiographer discuss about radiation hazards

100

400

Among the 500 patients surveyed, only 70% (350 individuals) had previously undergone breast scans, such as mammography or breast ultrasonography, to investigate potential abnormalities in breast pathology. Additionally, 20% of participants reported a family history of breast-related issues. Interestingly, only 30% of the participants demonstrated awareness of the advantages, disadvantages, and risk factors associated with mammography.

The attitude of radiographers was found to be satisfactory, though not exceptional. However, 80% of participants expressed satisfaction with the radiographers' interactions and overall attitude. When categorizing the sample based on menopausal status, 60% were postmenopausal, while 40% were premenopausal, as illustrated in Figure 1.

Figure-1. Percentage of total participants

The majority of individuals’ express contentment with the level of privacy afforded by healthcare professionals during examinations. During scans in examination rooms, only female trainee students were present. The findings reveal that women have limited knowledge about mammography or breast examinations, primarily due to the high proportion of participants from rural areas with lower levels of education. They require an introduction to the scan or examination process before undergoing it; otherwise, they tend to decline participation outright. These results suggest a low level of awareness among rural women regarding breast-related investigations, including ultrasonography and mammography, and their reluctance to engage in such procedures.

DISCUSSION

70% of the women who participated in this scan had never undergone a mammography scan before. Women over 40 years old are recommended to undergo a breast examination every two years. Mammography is a crucial medical imaging technique for detecting breast abnormalities at an early stage. There are two main types of mammography procedures followed in radiology departments: screening and diagnostic. Screening mammography is generally recommended for all women over 40 as part of routine health check-ups. Currently, many rural women lack awareness about breast examinations, leading to significant issues related to breast pathologies. A large number of them feel uncomfortable or embarrassed about these examinations, with higher awareness levels observed among educated women.

In today's society, educated women tend to be more health-conscious. However, discussions about breast cancer can still make people uncomfortable. Therefore, there is a pressing need for increased awareness and education, particularly targeting rural populations and less educated women who lack health awareness. Ensuring patient safety is crucial during breast imaging procedures. It's important to note that no male staff should be present in the scanning zone during breast examinations, as this can make women feel uncomfortable. Additionally, efforts should be made to minimize crowding in the scanning area to ensure that women undergoing breast examinations feel at ease.

CONCLUSION

Breast cancer represents a significant health concern for women, often arising due to a lack of awareness and misconceptions about radiation and breast scanning. This lack of awareness commonly leads to the development of breast cancer in older women, typically after the age of 40-50. To address this issue, it is essential to conduct multiple awareness campaigns and programs focused on breast cancer to educate women about related issues.

ETHICAL STATEMENT

Ethical Approval: Yes

Source of Funding: There is no financial support or sponsorship involved in this study.

Conflict of Interest: There are no conflicts of interest to declare.

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